C

The story of the emperor’s new clothes is one of Andersen’s best-known fables. Conmen (骗子) fool the emperor into believing they have made him a fabulous suit that the unworthy will be unable to see. Courtiers (侍从) dare not say that the emperor is naked; it takes a child to point out the obvious.

The moral is that people are often too hidebound by social tradition to state their views. How many companies have ploughed ahead with expensive projects that were favoured by the chief executive, even when other managers have had doubts?

People from different backgrounds approach problems from different angles—that much should be blindingly obvious. It is not just about selecting people for teams from both sexes and various ethnicities. Hire only Cambridge politics graduates or Harvard MBAs or Stanford software engineers and they will have studied under the same professors and absorbed similar world views regardless of their gender or skin colour.

In the modern world, with all its complexity, co-operation is essential if breakthroughs are to be made. In science and engineering, 90% of papers are now written by teams rather than individuals. Analysis of American patent fillings since 1975 showed teams dominate in every one of the 36 defined categories.

There is another element to selecting a good team: ensuring that those viewpoints are heard and respected. That may not happen if those in charge are overbearing. A study of over 300 projects by the Rotterdam School of Management found that those led by junior managers were more likely to succeed than those led by senior managers—maybe because other team members were less scared about pointing out potential dangers to someone lower down the pecking order (权力等级).

The ability to speak up within an organization, without fear of punishment, is known as “psychological safety”. Mr. Syed cites a study of teams at Google, which found that self-reported psychological safety was by far the most important factor behind successful teamwork at the technology giant.

One way to overcome shyness while brainstorming, for instance, is for everyone to write down their ideas but ensure their names are never known. That way, opinions about thoughts are less closely tied to the seniority of the thinker and can be tested against each other with less fear or favour.

44. The author mentioned one of Andersen’s best-known fables to ______.

A. confirm the popularity of Andersen’s fables

B. argue children’s wisdom over adults

C. indicate the importance of different opinions

D. make fun of the foolishness of some people

45. By using the word “hidebound” the author is referring to those who ______.

A. close themselves to a fixed mind

B. pay more attention to other’s behavior

C. advocate traditional way of thinking

D. hesitate to participate in team activities

46. According to the passage, which of the following makes an effective team?

A. Employing graduates from the same excellent university.

B. Appointing senior managers with the right of leading a team.

C. Establishing a team with people of various backgrounds.

D. Hiring people assembling their chief executives in thoughts.

47. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Co-operation and teamwork contribute to the complexity of the world.

B. The less identity a person releases the more he is ready to air views.

C. Viewpoints from different perspectives are likely to cause conflicts.

D. There exists the danger of pecking order in a team led by junior managers.

【分析】

本文为议论文。短文谈论鼓励各抒己见于公司有利。

44.【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“The story of the emperor’s new clothes is one of Andersen’s best-known fables. Conmen (骗子) fool the emperor into believing they have made him a fabulous suit that the unworthy will be unable to see. Courtiers (侍从) dare not say that the emperor is naked; it takes a child to point out the obvious.”皇帝的新衣故事是安徒生最著名的寓言之一。骗子愚弄皇帝，让他相信他们已经为他做了一套神话般的西装，不配的人是看不到的。朝臣不敢说皇帝是赤身裸体的，明摆着要孩子来指点。第二段“The moral is that people are often too hidebound by social tradition to state their views(这个道理是人们常常受社会传统的束缚而不能发表自己的观点).”可知，作者提到安徒生的著名寓言《皇帝的新衣》来说明不同意见的重要性，故选C。

45.【答案】A

【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段“Courtiers (侍从) dare not say that the emperor is naked; it takes a child to point out the obvious. (朝臣不敢说皇帝是裸体的，只有孩子才能指出显而易见的事实。)”，可知《皇帝的新衣》寓意是指人们常常受社会传统的束缚而“墨守成规”，不去发表自己的观点，选项A. close themselves to a fixed mind符合题意，故选A。

46.【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“People from different backgrounds approach problems from different angles—that much should be blindingly obvious. It is not just about selecting people for teams from both sexes and various ethnicities. Hire only Cambridge politics graduates or Harvard MBAs or Stanford software engineers and they will have studied under the same professors and absorbed similar world views regardless of their gender or skin colour. (来自不同背景的人会从不同的角度看待问题，这应该是显而易见的。当然，不仅仅是根据不同性别和不同种族来挑选团队成员（尽管实际如此）。如果一家公司只聘用剑桥大学政治系毕业生（或哈佛大学工商管理硕士、或斯坦福大学软件工程师），虽然他们有着不同的性别和肤色，但他们将在相同的教授的指导下学习，并将有着相似的世界观。).”由此判断出，建立一个由不同背景的人组成的团队才是一个有效的团队，故选C。

47.【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第一段“The ability to speak up within an organization, without fear of punishment, is known as “psychological safety”(在一个组织内，不惧怕惩罚而畅所欲言的能力被称为心理安全)”和最后一段“One way to overcome shyness while brainstorming, for instance, is for everyone to write down their ideas but ensure their names are never known. That way, opinions about thoughts are less closely tied to the seniority of the thinker and can be tested against each other with less fear or favour(例如，在团队开展头脑风暴时，克服羞怯的一个办法是让所有人写下自己的想法，但确保匿名。如此一来，团队成员看待想法时就不会那么多地考虑提出者的资历，因而能较为不偏不倚地对比检验这些想法).”可知，一个人暴露的身份越少，他就越愿意发表意见。故选B。

D

U. S. cherries, watermelons and some other summertime favorites may depend on wild bees more than previously thought.

Many farms in the United States use managed honeybees to pollinate (授粉) crops and increase the total amount of crops, sometimes trucking beehives (蜂箱) from farm to farm. Now an analysis of seven crops across North America shows that wild bees can play a role in crop pollination too, even on conventional farms with managed honeybees. Wild volunteers add at least $1.5 billion in total to the harvest for six of the crops, a new study estimates.

“To me, the big surprise was that we found so many wild bees even in intense production areas where much of the produce in the USA is grown, says Rachael Winfree, a pollination ecologist at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N. J.

That means threats to wild bees could deplete profits even when farms raise honeybees, the researchers reported on July 29 in Proceedings of the Royal Society. Both honeybees, which aren’t native to the United States, and wild pollinators such as bumblebees face dangers including pesticides (杀虫剂).

To see what, if anything, wild native bee species contribute, researchers checked bee visits to flowers at 131 commercial farm fields across the United States and part of Canada. On the other hand, the researchers also calculated to what extent the number of bee visits limited production. These intensive farms with plenty of fertilizer, water and other resources often showed signs of reaching a pollinator limit, meaning fields didn’t have enough honeybees to get the maximum production, and volunteer wild bees were adding to the total. Then the team estimated what percentage of the production native bees were adding — versus just doing what honeybees would have done anyway.

“Wild bees don’t seem to help California’s orchards (果园)，but based on orchards in Michigan and Pennsylvania, some $ 1. 06 billion of apples depends on native pollinators,” the researchers say. Watermelons, particularly in Florida, get an estimated $146 million benefit, and sweet cherries $ 145 million.

48. Why are the wild bees important to the crops according to the text?

A. It helps to pollinate and improve the crops output.

B. It is helpful to raise managed honeybees.

C. It is helpful to maintain healthy ecosystem.

D. It helps to protect native bee species.

49. What does the underlined word “deplete” in paragraph 4 mean?

A. Pursue. B. Make. C. Keep. D. Reduce.

50. Why did researchers check bee visits to flowers?

A. To work out the number of wild native bees.

B. To make it clear why fields don’t have enough bees.

C. To show how important the managed bees are to intensive farms.

D. To figure out what wild native bees benefit farm output.

51. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To draw people’s attention to farm output.

B. To discuss why bees can increase the harvest.

C. To show wild bees may contribute to the crop harvest.

D. To introduce how honey bees and wild bees pollinate crops.

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员通过研究野蜂对农作物授粉和提高作物产量方面的信息，试图找出野蜂是否对农作物收成有贡献。

48.【答案】A

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Now an analysis of seven crops across North America shows that wild bees can play a role in crop pollination too, even on conventional farms with managed honeybees. Wild volunteers add at least $1.5 billion in total to the harvest for six of the crops, a new study estimates.（现在，一项对北美七种作物的分析显示，野蜜蜂也能在作物授粉中发挥作用，即使是在有管理蜜蜂的传统农场。一项新的研究估计，它们为六种作物的收成至少增加了15亿美元。）”可知，野蜂对农作物很重要，因为它有助于授粉和提高作物产量。故选A项。

49.【答案】D

【解析】词句猜测题。第二段说一项对北美七种作物的分析显示，野蜜蜂也能在作物授粉中发挥作用，即使是在有管理蜜蜂的传统农场。一项新的研究估计，它们为六种作物的收成至少增加了15亿美元，再根据画线词后的“ Both honeybees, which aren’t native to the United States, and wild pollinators such as bumblebees face dangers including pesticides (杀虫剂).”可知，非美国本土的蜜蜂和大黄蜂等野生授粉者都面临着包括杀虫剂在内的危险，由讲述非美国本土的蜜蜂和野生传粉者面临杀虫剂在内的危险，这种威胁自然会减少利润，由此可知画线词词义为为“减少，消耗”。故选D项。

50.【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段中“To see what, if anything, wild native bee species contribute, researchers checked bee visits to flowers at 131 commercial farm fields across the United States and part of Canada.（为了了解野生本土蜜蜂是否有贡献，研究人员在美国和加拿大部分地区的131个商业农场中检查了蜜蜂到访花卉的情况。）”可知，研究人员要检查蜜蜂到访花丛的情况，是想找出野生本地蜜蜂对农场产出有什么好处。故选D项。

51.【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中“ Now an analysis of seven crops across North America shows that wild bees can play a role in crop pollination too, even on conventional farms with managed honeybees. Wild volunteers add at least $1.5 billion in total to the harvest for six of the crops, a new study estimates.（现在，一项对北美7种作物的分析显示，野蜜蜂也能在作物授粉中发挥作用，即使是在有管理蜜蜂的传统农场。一项新的研究估计，它们为六种作物的收获至少增加了15亿美元。）可知，文章介绍了研究人员通过研究野蜂对农作物授粉和提高作物产量方面的信息，试图找出野蜂是否对农作物收成有贡献，因此文章的目的是展示野蜂可能对农作物收成有贡献。故选C项。

四、用单词的适当形式完成短文（阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，每空1.3分，共13分。）

An unmanned Chinese spacecraft left Earth on Thursday on the year-long trip to the planet Mars. The launch marks the 52.  (begin) of one of China's most important space missions yet.

China's national space agency launched the spacecraft,53.  (call) Tianwen-1, from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch area on Hainan Island. Hundreds of people were watching and cheering as it 54.  (send) into the sky. Once it begins orbiting the planet, a probe (探测器) will leave the spacecraft and attempt to reach the Utopia Planitia area of Mars. They say 55.  vehicle will explore the planet's surface for about three months.

A successful landing would make China only the second nation to place a spacecraft on the Martian planet. The USA 56.  (land) eight probes on Mars since 1976. China would also be the first to57.  (successful) orbit, land and deploy (调动) a vehicle in the same mission.

This is China's first 58.  (independence) mission to Mars. A 2011 mission failed when a Russian rocket 59.  carried a Chinese orbiter had problems after launch, and was unable 60.  (escape) the Earth's orbit.

Last year, China's Chang e-4 spacecraft became the first to make a landing 61.  the far side of the moon. The Tianwen-l is the third mission to Mars this year.

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国“天问一号”宇宙飞船的发射成功以及相关航天知识。

52.【答案】beginning

【解析】考查名词。句意：这次发射标志着中国迄今最重要的太空任务之一的开始。根据空格前定冠词the可知，此处应填begin的名词名词形式beginning作宾语。故填beginning。

53.【答案】called

【解析】考查动词过去分词。句意：中国国家航天局从文昌航天发射基地发射了名为“天问一号”的宇宙飞船。call“称呼”是动词，与所修饰的名词spacecraft之间是被动关系，所以应用其过去分词作后置定语。故填called。

54.【答案】was sent

【解析】考查动词被动语态。句意：当它被送上天空时，成百上千的人在观看和欢呼。谓语动词send与主语it之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，其结构为be 动词过去分词，因句子为一般过去时，主语是第三人称单数，故填was sent。

55.【答案】the

【解析】考查冠词。句意：他们说，这架飞行器将在大约三个月的时间里探索火星的表面。根据句意可知，名词vehicle特指上文提到的事物，需用定冠词限定。故填the。

56.【答案】has landed

【解析】考查动词时态。句意：自1976年以来，美国已经在火星上着陆了8个探测器。根据句中时间状语since 1976可知，此处应用现在完成时，结构为have/has 过去分词，因主语The USA为第三人称单数，主谓一致，故填has landed。

57.【答案】successfully

【解析】考查副词。句意：中国也将成为第一个在同一任务中成功地运行、着陆和部署飞行器的国家。修饰动词orbit, land and deploy应用副词，故填successfully。

58.【答案】independent

【解析】考查形容词。句意：这是中国第一个独立的火星任务。根据空格后名词mission可知，此处应填形容词作定语修饰名词，故填independent。

59.【答案】which/that

【解析】考查定语从句引导词。句意：2011年的一次任务失败了，一枚搭载中国人造卫星的俄罗斯火箭在发射后出现了问题，无法脱离地球轨道。分析句子可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词which或that引导定语从句，指物，在从句中作主语。故填which/that。

60.【答案】to escape

【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：2011年的一次任务失败了，一枚搭载中国人造卫星的俄罗斯火箭在发射后出现了问题，无法脱离地球轨道。be able/unable to do sth是固定句型，意为“能或不能做某事”。故填to escape。

61.【答案】on

【解析】考查介词。句意：去年，中国的嫦娥四号宇宙飞船成为第一个在月球背面着陆的宇宙飞船。根据句意，结合空格前landing和空格后the far side of the moon可知，此处应表示在月球表面上着陆，on“在……上面”符合句意。故填on。